The idea is that primeval man possessed a substance, a sort of earth, out of which Paradise could grow, and Adam (or primeval man) carries the secret of this earth in himself. ~Carl Jung, ETH, Alchemy, Page 215.
Roll of Fate, Walter Crane
Roll of Fate, Walter Crane
The Domesday Book recorded in two volumes the results of a great survey of the landholdings of England executed for William I of England, or William I (the Conqueror)
Norman king of England. Its purpose was to find out what or how much
each landholder had in land and livestock, and what it was worth and in
particular what taxes had been liable under William's predecessor the
Anglo-Saxon king Edward the Confessor.
"In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts"
Our Gateway Ancestors & Fundamental Myths & Legends
A Pathway through History, to Legend & Myth
No tree, it is said, can grow to heaven unless its roots reach down to hell.
~Carl Jung, Aion, Page 43.
~Carl Jung, Aion, Page 43.
A Rutgers University professor estimates that 80 percent of historical marriages took place between second or first cousins.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_collapse
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedigree_collapse
“When we die we become ‘stories’ in the minds of other people.” -Unknown
It is the glory of God to conceal things, but the glory of kings is to search things out.
Anonymous, "Tree of Consanguinity," Decretalium copiosum argumentum, ca. 1450-1510. (Detail). "A woodcut depicting the various ties between family members in the popular archetype of the tree of consanguinity." The Trustees of the British Museum
Anonymous, "Tree of Consanguinity," Decretalium copiosum argumentum, ca. 1450-1510. (Detail). "A woodcut depicting the various ties between family members in the popular archetype of the tree of consanguinity." The Trustees of the British Museum
Genealogical tree of Charles Magius; from Paul Veronese, Codex Magius 1568-73
CALLING THE OTHERS
MRCA: Most Recent Common Ancestor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor
MRCA: Most Recent Common Ancestor
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_recent_common_ancestor
Seven Daughters of Eve
http://books.google.com/books?id=ssMbhqrP_hcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
http://books.google.com/books?id=ssMbhqrP_hcC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false
Electrocortical activity associated with
subjective communication with the deceased
http://www.frontiersin.org/consciousness_research/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00834/abstract
Arnaud Delorme1,2*, Julie Beischel3, Leena Michel1, Mark Boccuzzi3, Dean Radin1 and Paul J. Mills4
Keywords: mediums, EEG, intuition, mental states, transcendence
Citation: Delorme A, Beischel J, Michel L, Boccuzzi M, Radin D and Mills PJ (2013) Electrocortical activity associated with subjective communication with the deceased. Front. Psychol. 4:834. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00834
Received: 02 September 2013; Accepted: 21 October 2013;
Published online: 20 November 2013.
Edited by:
Zoran Josipovic, New York University, USA Reviewed by:
Zoran Josipovic, New York University, USA
Edward J. Modestino, Boston University, USA Copyright © 2013 Delorme, Beischel, Michel, Boccuzzi, Radin and Mills. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Arnaud Delorme, SCCN, INC 0559, La Jolla, CA 92093-0559, USA e-mail: [email protected]
subjective communication with the deceased
http://www.frontiersin.org/consciousness_research/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2013.00834/abstract
Arnaud Delorme1,2*, Julie Beischel3, Leena Michel1, Mark Boccuzzi3, Dean Radin1 and Paul J. Mills4
- 1Institute of Noetic Sciences, Petaluma, CA, USA
- 2Institute of Neural Computation, SCCN, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- 3Windbridge Institute, Tucson, AZ, USA
- 4Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
Keywords: mediums, EEG, intuition, mental states, transcendence
Citation: Delorme A, Beischel J, Michel L, Boccuzzi M, Radin D and Mills PJ (2013) Electrocortical activity associated with subjective communication with the deceased. Front. Psychol. 4:834. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00834
Received: 02 September 2013; Accepted: 21 October 2013;
Published online: 20 November 2013.
Edited by:
Zoran Josipovic, New York University, USA Reviewed by:
Zoran Josipovic, New York University, USA
Edward J. Modestino, Boston University, USA Copyright © 2013 Delorme, Beischel, Michel, Boccuzzi, Radin and Mills. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: Arnaud Delorme, SCCN, INC 0559, La Jolla, CA 92093-0559, USA e-mail: [email protected]
Neanderthal Cultures: http://blog.everythingdinosaur.co.uk/blog/_archives/2013/08/page/2
Who has fully realized that history is not contained in thick books
but lives in our very blood? -Jung
but lives in our very blood? -Jung
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TiI4kRqyia8
Astarte
SANGREAL
The Genes Buried Within Us
If you can trace your lines back to Medieval Times,
eventually you will run into the Royal Lines of Descent from Scythia to Camelot
and more, that connect you to ancient times and mythic lore
The Genes Buried Within Us
If you can trace your lines back to Medieval Times,
eventually you will run into the Royal Lines of Descent from Scythia to Camelot
and more, that connect you to ancient times and mythic lore
Here is the Book of thy Descent,
Here begins the Book of the Sangreal,
Here begin the terrors,
Here begin the miracles.
Here begins the Book of the Sangreal,
Here begin the terrors,
Here begin the miracles.
World Tree Lines of Descent
The Fountain of Humanity
The Fountain of Humanity
Hominids - http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/species.html
An artist's interpretation of the hominins that lived near the Sima de los Huesos cave in Spain.
ANCIENT ONES
400,000 years old; Denisovians
Neanderthals and humans’ ancestors split from a common ancestor hundreds of thousands of years ago. It also revealed that Neanderthals and humans interbred about 50,000 years ago. Around the same time as that discovery, Russian collaborators sent the Max Planck team 80,000-year-old fossils they had found in a cave in Siberia called Denisova. When the German scientists sequenced the entire genome from the finger bone of a girl, it turned out to be neither human nor Neanderthal, but from a separate lineage, which Dr. Paabo and his colleagues named Denisovans.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/science/at-400000-years-oldest-human-dna-yet-found-raises-new-mysteries.html?_r=0
400,000 years old; Denisovians
Neanderthals and humans’ ancestors split from a common ancestor hundreds of thousands of years ago. It also revealed that Neanderthals and humans interbred about 50,000 years ago. Around the same time as that discovery, Russian collaborators sent the Max Planck team 80,000-year-old fossils they had found in a cave in Siberia called Denisova. When the German scientists sequenced the entire genome from the finger bone of a girl, it turned out to be neither human nor Neanderthal, but from a separate lineage, which Dr. Paabo and his colleagues named Denisovans.
http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/05/science/at-400000-years-oldest-human-dna-yet-found-raises-new-mysteries.html?_r=0
Göbekli Tepe - 9000 BC
Johfra, Vision of Hermes Trismesgistus
The Merovingian Dynasty, ca. 500-751
In Gaul a fusion of Roman and Germanic societies occurred. Clovis, a Salian Frank belonging to a family supposedly descended from a mythical hero named Merovech, became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Roman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over the Gallo-Romans and all the Frankish tribes, and his successors made other Germanic tribes subjects of the Merovingian Dynasty. The remaining 250 years of the dynasty, however, were marked by internecine struggles and a gradual decline. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks reluctantly began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church. The most notable of the missionaries responsible for Christianizing the tribes living in Germany was Saint Boniface (ca. 675-754), an English missionary who is considered the founder of German Christianity.
The Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911
Charlemagne inherited the Frankish crown in 768. During his reign (768-814), he subdued Bavaria, conquered Lombardy and Saxony, and established his authority in central Italy. By the end of the eighth century, his kingdom, later to become known as the First Reich (empire in German), included present-day France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, as well as a narrow strip of northern Spain, much of Germany and Austria, and much of the northern half of Italy. Charlemagne, founder of an empire that was Roman, Christian, and Germanic, was crowned emperor in Rome by the pope in 800.
The Carolingian Empire was based on an alliance between the emperor, who was a temporal ruler supported by a military retinue, and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who granted spiritual sanction to the imperial mission. Charlemagne and his son Louis I (r. 814-40) established centralized authority, appointed imperial counts as administrators, and developed a hierarchical feudal structure headed by the emperor. Reliant on personal leadership rather than the Roman concept of legalistic government, Charlemagne's empire lasted less than a century.
The Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024
Because the dukes of the East Frankish Kingdom had wearied of being ruled by a foreign king, they elected a German to serve as their king once the Carolingian line expired. The election of Conrad I (r. 911-18), Duke of Franconia, as the first German king has been marked by some historians as the beginning of German history. Conrad's successor, Henry I (r. 919-36), Duke of Saxony, was powerful enough to designate his son Otto I (r. 936-73) as his successor. Otto was so able a ruler that he came to be known as Otto the Great. He overpowered other territorial dukes who rebelled against his rule and reversed the particularist trend for a time. But he failed to establish the principle of hereditary succession, and the German dukes continued to elect one of their number as king. But through military successes and alliances with the church, which had extensive properties and military forces of its own, Otto expanded the crown lands, thus laying the foundation of monarchical power. Henry, Otto, and the later Saxon kings also encouraged eastward expansion and colonization, thereby extending German rule to parts of the Slavic territories of Poland and Bohemia. The Magyars' westward expansion was halted by Otto in 955 at the Battle of Lechfeld in southern Germany.
In 962 Otto, who had also gained control of the Middle Kingdom, was formally crowned king of the Romans. The possessor of this title would, in time, be known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The coronation came to be seen as the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, an institution that lasted until 1806 and profoundly influenced the course of German history. The coronation of Otto was a moment of glory for the German monarchy, but its long-term consequences were not beneficial because as German kings sought to exercise the offices of the empire they became involved in Italian affairs, often to such an extent that they neglected the governing of Germany. Because German kings were so often in Italy, the German nobility became stronger. In addition, the presence of German kings in Italy as emperors soon caused them to come into conflict with the papacy, which did not hesitate to seek allies in Italy or Germany to limit imperial power. A last problem was that the succession to the German throne was often uncertain or was hotly contested because it was not inheritable, but could only be attained through election by the German dukes. This circumstance made the formation of an orderly or stable central government nearly impossible. In the opinion of some historians, Otto's triumph in Rome in 962 ultimately was disastrous for Germany because it delayed German unification by centuries.
The Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125
After the death of the last Saxon king in 1024, the crown passed to the Salians, a Frankish tribe. The four Salian kings--Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V--who ruled Germany as kings from 1024 to 1125, established their monarchy as a major European power. Their main accomplishment was the development of a permanent administrative system based on a class of public officials answerable to the crown.
A principal reason for the success of the early Salians was their alliance with the church, a policy begun by Otto I, which gave them the material support they needed to subdue rebellious dukes. In time, however, the church came to regret this close relationship. The relationship broke down in 1075 during what came to be known as the Investiture Contest, a struggle in which the reformist pope, Gregory VII, demanded that Henry IV (r. 1056-1106) renounce his rights over the German church. The pope also attacked the concept of monarchy by divine right and gained the support of significant elements of the German nobility interested in limiting imperial absolutism. More important, the pope forbade church officials under pain of excommunication to support Henry as they had so freely done in the past. In the end, Henry journeyed to Canossa in northern Italy in 1077 to do penance and to receive absolution from the pope. However, he resumed the practice of lay investiture (appointment of religious officials by civil authorities) and arranged the election of an antipope.
The German monarch's struggle with the papacy resulted in a war that ravaged German lands from 1077 until the Concordat of Worms in 1122. This agreement stipulated that the pope was to appoint high church officials but gave the German king the right to veto the papal choices. Imperial control of Italy was lost for a time, and the imperial crown became dependent on the political support of competing aristocratic factions. Feudalism also became more widespread as freemen sought protection by swearing allegiance to a lord. These powerful local rulers, having thereby acquired extensive territories and large military retinues, took over administration within their territories and organized it around an increasing number of castles. The most powerful of these local rulers came to be called princes rather than dukes.
According to the laws of the German feudal system, the king had no claims on the vassals of the other princes, only on those living within his family's territory. Lacking the support of the formerly independent vassals and weakened by the increasing hostility of the church, the monarchy lost its preeminence. Thus, the Investiture Contest strengthened local power in Germany in contrast to what was happening in France and England, where the growth of a centralized royal power was under way.
The Investiture Contest had an additional effect. The long struggle between emperor and pope hurt Germany's intellectual life--in this period largely confined to monasteries--and Germany no longer led or even kept pace with developments occurring in France and Italy. For instance, no universities were founded in Germany until the fourteenth century.
The Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 1138-1254
Following the death of Henry V (r. 1106-25), the last of the Salian kings, the dukes refused to elect his nephew because they feared that he might restore royal power. Instead, they elected a noble connected to the Saxon noble family Welf (often written as Guelf). This choice inflamed the Hohenstaufen family of Swabia, which also had a claim to the throne. Although a Hohenstaufen became king in 1138, the dynastic feud with the Welfs continued. The feud became international in nature when the Welfs sided with the papacy and its allies, most notably the cities of northern Italy, against the imperial ambitions of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty.
The second of the Hohenstaufen rulers, Frederick I (r. 1152-90), also known as Frederick Barbarossa because of his red beard, struggled throughout his reign to restore the power and prestige of the German monarchy, but he had little success. Because the German dukes had grown stronger both during and after the Investiture Contest and because royal access to the resources of the church in Germany was much reduced, Frederick was forced to go to Italy to find the finances needed to restore the king's power in Germany. He was soon crowned emperor in Italy, but decades of warfare on the peninsula yielded scant results. The papacy and the prosperous city-states of northern Italy were traditional enemies, but the fear of imperial domination caused them to join ranks to fight Frederick. Under the skilled leadership of Pope Alexander III, the alliance suffered many defeats but ultimately was able to deny the emperor a complete victory in Italy. Frederick returned to Germany old and embittered. He had vanquished one notable opponent and member of the Welf family, Saxony's Henry the Lion, but his hopes of restoring the power and prestige of his family and the monarchy seemed unlikely to be met by the end of his life.
During Frederick's long stays in Italy, the German princes became stronger and began a successful colonization of Slavic lands. Offers of reduced taxes and manorial duties enticed many Germans to settle in the east as the area's original inhabitants were killed or driven away. Because of this colonization, the empire increased in size and came to include Pomerania, Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia. A quickening economic life in Germany increased the number of towns and gave them greater importance. It was also during this period that castles and courts replaced monasteries as centers of culture. Growing out of this courtly culture, German medieval literature reached its peak in lyrical love poetry, the Minnesang , and in narrative epic poems such as Tristan , Parzival , and the Nibelungenlied .
Frederick died in 1190 while on a crusade and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI (r. 1190-97). Elected king even before his father's death, Henry went to Rome to be crowned emperor. A death in his wife's family gave him possession of Sicily, a source of vast wealth. Henry failed to make royal and imperial succession hereditary, but in 1196 he succeeded in gaining a pledge that his infant son Frederick would receive the German crown. Faced with difficulties in Italy and confident that he would realize his wishes in Germany at a later date, Henry returned to the south, where it appeared he might unify the peninsula under the Hohenstaufen name. After a series of military victories, however, he died of natural causes in Sicily in 1197.
Because the election of the three-year-old Frederick to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Philip, was chosen to serve in his place. Other factions elected a Welf candidate, Otto IV, as counterking, and a long civil war began. Philip was murdered by Otto IV in 1208. Otto IV in turn was killed by the French at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. Frederick returned to Germany in 1212 from Sicily, where he had grown up, and became king in 1215. As Frederick II (r. 1215-50), he spent little time in Germany because his main concerns lay in Italy. Frederick made significant concessions to the German nobles, such as those put forth in an imperial statute of 1232, which made princes virtually independent rulers within their territories. The clergy also became more powerful. Although Frederick was one of the most energetic, imaginative, and capable rulers of the Middle Ages, he did nothing to draw the disparate forces in Germany together. His legacy was thus that local rulers had more authority after his reign than before it.
By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, there was little centralized power in Germany. The Great Interregnum (1256-73), a period of anarchy in which there was no emperor and German princes vied for individual advantage, followed the death of Frederick's son Conrad IV in 1254. In this short period, the German nobility managed to strip many powers away from the already diminished monarchy. Rather than establish sovereign states, however, many nobles tended to look after their families. Their many heirs created more and smaller estates. A largely free class of officials also formed, many of whom eventually acquired hereditary rights to administrative and legal offices. These trends compounded political fragmentation within Germany.
Despite the political chaos of the Hohenstaufen period, the population grew from an estimated 8 million in 1200 to about 14 million in 1300, and the number of towns increased tenfold. The most heavily urbanized areas of Germany were located in the south and the west. Towns often developed a degree of independence, but many were subordinate to local rulers or the emperor. Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Knights of the Teutonic Order, a society of soldier-monks. German merchants also began trading extensively on the Baltic.
The Empire under the Early Habsburgs The Great Interregnum ended in 1273 with the election of Rudolf of Habsburg as king-emperor. After the interregnum period, Germany's emperors came from three powerful dynastic houses: Luxemburg (in Bohemia), Wittelsbach (in Bavaria), and Habsburg (in Austria). These families alternated on the imperial throne until the crown returned in the mid-fifteenth century to the Habsburgs, who retained it with only one short break until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
The Golden Bull of 1356, an edict promulgated by Emperor Charles IV (r. 1355-78) of the Luxemburg family, provided the basic constitution of the empire up to its dissolution. It formalized the practice of having seven electors--the archbishops of the cities of Trier, Cologne, and Mainz, and the rulers of the Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bohemia--choose the emperor, and it represented a further political consolidation of the principalities. The Golden Bull ended the long-standing attempt of various emperors to unite Germany under a hereditary monarchy. Henceforth, the emperor shared power with other great nobles like himself and was regarded as merely the first among equals. Without the cooperation of the other princes, he could not rule.
Despite the lack of a strong central authority, Germany prospered during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Its population increased from about 14 million in 1300 to about 16 million in 1500, even though the Black Death killed as much as one-third of the population in the mid-fourteenth century.
Located in the center of Europe, Germany was active in international trade. Rivers flowing to the north and the east and the Alpine passes made Germany a natural conduit conveying goods from the Mediterranean to northern Europe. Germany became a noted manufacturing center. Trade and manufacturing led to the growth of towns, and in 1500 an estimated 10 percent of the population lived in urban areas. Many towns became wealthy and were governed by a sophisticated and self-confident merchant oligarchy. Dozens of towns in northern Germany joined together to form the Hanseatic League, a trading federation that managed shipping and trade on the Baltic and in many inland areas, even into Bohemia and Hungary. The Hanseatic League had commercial offices in such widely dispersed towns as London, Bergen (in present-day Norway), and Novgorod (in present-day Russia). The league was at one time so powerful that it successfully waged war against the king of Denmark. In southern Germany, towns banded together on occasion to protect their interests against encroachments by either imperial or local powers. Although these urban confederations were not always strong enough to defeat their opponents, they sometimes succeeded in helping their members to avoid complete subjugation. In what was eventually to become Switzerland, one confederation of towns had sufficient military might to win virtual independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499.
The Knights of the Teutonic Order continued their settlement of the east until their dissolution early in the sixteenth century, in spite of a serious defeat at the hands of the Poles at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410. The lands that came under the control of this monastic military, whose members were pledged to chastity and to the conquest and conversion of heathens, included territory that one day would become eastern Prussia and would be inhabited by Germans until 1945. German settlement in areas south of the territories controlled by the Knights of the Teutonic Order also continued, but generally at the behest of eastern rulers who valued the skills of German peasant-farmers. These new settlers were part of a long process of peaceful German immigration to the east that lasted for centuries, with Germans moving into all of eastern Europe and even deep into Russia.
Intellectual growth accompanied German expansion. Several universities were founded, and Germany came into increased contact with the humanists active elsewhere in Europe. The invention of movable type in the middle of the fifteenth century in Germany also contributed to a more lively intellectual climate. Religious ferment was common, most notably the heretical movement engendered by the teachings of Jan Hus (ca. 1372-1415) in Bohemia. Hus eventually was executed, but the dissatisfaction he felt toward the established church was shared by many others throughout German-speaking lands, as could be seen in the frequent occurrences of popular, mystical religious revivalism after his death.
Medieval France (The Capetian Dynasty):
Growth of a national monarchy set France on a road to absolutism (=concentration of all power in the hands of the king). Between the Treaty of Verdun (843) and 987: a decline of monarchical power in France. Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected king in 987. The Capetians ruled until 1328, and they accomplished several goals: 1) achieved control over their own lands & the Ile de France; 2) they enlarged the size of the royal domain and they conquered much of the land held by the English within France;
3) they strove to assert royal authority over that of the feudal nobles; and 4) they governed a prosperous France of 15 million. Major problem: the claim of English kings to territories in France, including Normandy, Brittany, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, Aquitaine, and Gascony. Under the able Philip Augustus (1180-1223), the Capetians; 1) defeated John of England, adding large tracts of land to the royal holdings; 2) provided effective government and collected taxes; 3) began building Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris;
In Gaul a fusion of Roman and Germanic societies occurred. Clovis, a Salian Frank belonging to a family supposedly descended from a mythical hero named Merovech, became the absolute ruler of a Germanic kingdom of mixed Roman-Germanic population in 486. He consolidated his rule with victories over the Gallo-Romans and all the Frankish tribes, and his successors made other Germanic tribes subjects of the Merovingian Dynasty. The remaining 250 years of the dynasty, however, were marked by internecine struggles and a gradual decline. During the period of Merovingian rule, the Franks reluctantly began to adopt Christianity following the baptism of Clovis, an event that inaugurated the alliance between the Frankish kingdom and the Roman Catholic Church. The most notable of the missionaries responsible for Christianizing the tribes living in Germany was Saint Boniface (ca. 675-754), an English missionary who is considered the founder of German Christianity.
The Carolingian Dynasty, 752-911
Charlemagne inherited the Frankish crown in 768. During his reign (768-814), he subdued Bavaria, conquered Lombardy and Saxony, and established his authority in central Italy. By the end of the eighth century, his kingdom, later to become known as the First Reich (empire in German), included present-day France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, as well as a narrow strip of northern Spain, much of Germany and Austria, and much of the northern half of Italy. Charlemagne, founder of an empire that was Roman, Christian, and Germanic, was crowned emperor in Rome by the pope in 800.
The Carolingian Empire was based on an alliance between the emperor, who was a temporal ruler supported by a military retinue, and the pope of the Roman Catholic Church, who granted spiritual sanction to the imperial mission. Charlemagne and his son Louis I (r. 814-40) established centralized authority, appointed imperial counts as administrators, and developed a hierarchical feudal structure headed by the emperor. Reliant on personal leadership rather than the Roman concept of legalistic government, Charlemagne's empire lasted less than a century.
The Saxon Dynasty, 919-1024
Because the dukes of the East Frankish Kingdom had wearied of being ruled by a foreign king, they elected a German to serve as their king once the Carolingian line expired. The election of Conrad I (r. 911-18), Duke of Franconia, as the first German king has been marked by some historians as the beginning of German history. Conrad's successor, Henry I (r. 919-36), Duke of Saxony, was powerful enough to designate his son Otto I (r. 936-73) as his successor. Otto was so able a ruler that he came to be known as Otto the Great. He overpowered other territorial dukes who rebelled against his rule and reversed the particularist trend for a time. But he failed to establish the principle of hereditary succession, and the German dukes continued to elect one of their number as king. But through military successes and alliances with the church, which had extensive properties and military forces of its own, Otto expanded the crown lands, thus laying the foundation of monarchical power. Henry, Otto, and the later Saxon kings also encouraged eastward expansion and colonization, thereby extending German rule to parts of the Slavic territories of Poland and Bohemia. The Magyars' westward expansion was halted by Otto in 955 at the Battle of Lechfeld in southern Germany.
In 962 Otto, who had also gained control of the Middle Kingdom, was formally crowned king of the Romans. The possessor of this title would, in time, be known as the Holy Roman Emperor. The coronation came to be seen as the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, an institution that lasted until 1806 and profoundly influenced the course of German history. The coronation of Otto was a moment of glory for the German monarchy, but its long-term consequences were not beneficial because as German kings sought to exercise the offices of the empire they became involved in Italian affairs, often to such an extent that they neglected the governing of Germany. Because German kings were so often in Italy, the German nobility became stronger. In addition, the presence of German kings in Italy as emperors soon caused them to come into conflict with the papacy, which did not hesitate to seek allies in Italy or Germany to limit imperial power. A last problem was that the succession to the German throne was often uncertain or was hotly contested because it was not inheritable, but could only be attained through election by the German dukes. This circumstance made the formation of an orderly or stable central government nearly impossible. In the opinion of some historians, Otto's triumph in Rome in 962 ultimately was disastrous for Germany because it delayed German unification by centuries.
The Salian Dynasty, 1024-1125
After the death of the last Saxon king in 1024, the crown passed to the Salians, a Frankish tribe. The four Salian kings--Conrad II, Henry III, Henry IV, and Henry V--who ruled Germany as kings from 1024 to 1125, established their monarchy as a major European power. Their main accomplishment was the development of a permanent administrative system based on a class of public officials answerable to the crown.
A principal reason for the success of the early Salians was their alliance with the church, a policy begun by Otto I, which gave them the material support they needed to subdue rebellious dukes. In time, however, the church came to regret this close relationship. The relationship broke down in 1075 during what came to be known as the Investiture Contest, a struggle in which the reformist pope, Gregory VII, demanded that Henry IV (r. 1056-1106) renounce his rights over the German church. The pope also attacked the concept of monarchy by divine right and gained the support of significant elements of the German nobility interested in limiting imperial absolutism. More important, the pope forbade church officials under pain of excommunication to support Henry as they had so freely done in the past. In the end, Henry journeyed to Canossa in northern Italy in 1077 to do penance and to receive absolution from the pope. However, he resumed the practice of lay investiture (appointment of religious officials by civil authorities) and arranged the election of an antipope.
The German monarch's struggle with the papacy resulted in a war that ravaged German lands from 1077 until the Concordat of Worms in 1122. This agreement stipulated that the pope was to appoint high church officials but gave the German king the right to veto the papal choices. Imperial control of Italy was lost for a time, and the imperial crown became dependent on the political support of competing aristocratic factions. Feudalism also became more widespread as freemen sought protection by swearing allegiance to a lord. These powerful local rulers, having thereby acquired extensive territories and large military retinues, took over administration within their territories and organized it around an increasing number of castles. The most powerful of these local rulers came to be called princes rather than dukes.
According to the laws of the German feudal system, the king had no claims on the vassals of the other princes, only on those living within his family's territory. Lacking the support of the formerly independent vassals and weakened by the increasing hostility of the church, the monarchy lost its preeminence. Thus, the Investiture Contest strengthened local power in Germany in contrast to what was happening in France and England, where the growth of a centralized royal power was under way.
The Investiture Contest had an additional effect. The long struggle between emperor and pope hurt Germany's intellectual life--in this period largely confined to monasteries--and Germany no longer led or even kept pace with developments occurring in France and Italy. For instance, no universities were founded in Germany until the fourteenth century.
The Hohenstaufen Dynasty, 1138-1254
Following the death of Henry V (r. 1106-25), the last of the Salian kings, the dukes refused to elect his nephew because they feared that he might restore royal power. Instead, they elected a noble connected to the Saxon noble family Welf (often written as Guelf). This choice inflamed the Hohenstaufen family of Swabia, which also had a claim to the throne. Although a Hohenstaufen became king in 1138, the dynastic feud with the Welfs continued. The feud became international in nature when the Welfs sided with the papacy and its allies, most notably the cities of northern Italy, against the imperial ambitions of the Hohenstaufen Dynasty.
The second of the Hohenstaufen rulers, Frederick I (r. 1152-90), also known as Frederick Barbarossa because of his red beard, struggled throughout his reign to restore the power and prestige of the German monarchy, but he had little success. Because the German dukes had grown stronger both during and after the Investiture Contest and because royal access to the resources of the church in Germany was much reduced, Frederick was forced to go to Italy to find the finances needed to restore the king's power in Germany. He was soon crowned emperor in Italy, but decades of warfare on the peninsula yielded scant results. The papacy and the prosperous city-states of northern Italy were traditional enemies, but the fear of imperial domination caused them to join ranks to fight Frederick. Under the skilled leadership of Pope Alexander III, the alliance suffered many defeats but ultimately was able to deny the emperor a complete victory in Italy. Frederick returned to Germany old and embittered. He had vanquished one notable opponent and member of the Welf family, Saxony's Henry the Lion, but his hopes of restoring the power and prestige of his family and the monarchy seemed unlikely to be met by the end of his life.
During Frederick's long stays in Italy, the German princes became stronger and began a successful colonization of Slavic lands. Offers of reduced taxes and manorial duties enticed many Germans to settle in the east as the area's original inhabitants were killed or driven away. Because of this colonization, the empire increased in size and came to include Pomerania, Silesia, Bohemia, and Moravia. A quickening economic life in Germany increased the number of towns and gave them greater importance. It was also during this period that castles and courts replaced monasteries as centers of culture. Growing out of this courtly culture, German medieval literature reached its peak in lyrical love poetry, the Minnesang , and in narrative epic poems such as Tristan , Parzival , and the Nibelungenlied .
Frederick died in 1190 while on a crusade and was succeeded by his son, Henry VI (r. 1190-97). Elected king even before his father's death, Henry went to Rome to be crowned emperor. A death in his wife's family gave him possession of Sicily, a source of vast wealth. Henry failed to make royal and imperial succession hereditary, but in 1196 he succeeded in gaining a pledge that his infant son Frederick would receive the German crown. Faced with difficulties in Italy and confident that he would realize his wishes in Germany at a later date, Henry returned to the south, where it appeared he might unify the peninsula under the Hohenstaufen name. After a series of military victories, however, he died of natural causes in Sicily in 1197.
Because the election of the three-year-old Frederick to be German king appeared likely to make orderly rule difficult, the boy's uncle, Philip, was chosen to serve in his place. Other factions elected a Welf candidate, Otto IV, as counterking, and a long civil war began. Philip was murdered by Otto IV in 1208. Otto IV in turn was killed by the French at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. Frederick returned to Germany in 1212 from Sicily, where he had grown up, and became king in 1215. As Frederick II (r. 1215-50), he spent little time in Germany because his main concerns lay in Italy. Frederick made significant concessions to the German nobles, such as those put forth in an imperial statute of 1232, which made princes virtually independent rulers within their territories. The clergy also became more powerful. Although Frederick was one of the most energetic, imaginative, and capable rulers of the Middle Ages, he did nothing to draw the disparate forces in Germany together. His legacy was thus that local rulers had more authority after his reign than before it.
By the time of Frederick's death in 1250, there was little centralized power in Germany. The Great Interregnum (1256-73), a period of anarchy in which there was no emperor and German princes vied for individual advantage, followed the death of Frederick's son Conrad IV in 1254. In this short period, the German nobility managed to strip many powers away from the already diminished monarchy. Rather than establish sovereign states, however, many nobles tended to look after their families. Their many heirs created more and smaller estates. A largely free class of officials also formed, many of whom eventually acquired hereditary rights to administrative and legal offices. These trends compounded political fragmentation within Germany.
Despite the political chaos of the Hohenstaufen period, the population grew from an estimated 8 million in 1200 to about 14 million in 1300, and the number of towns increased tenfold. The most heavily urbanized areas of Germany were located in the south and the west. Towns often developed a degree of independence, but many were subordinate to local rulers or the emperor. Colonization of the east also continued in the thirteenth century, most notably through the efforts of the Knights of the Teutonic Order, a society of soldier-monks. German merchants also began trading extensively on the Baltic.
The Empire under the Early Habsburgs The Great Interregnum ended in 1273 with the election of Rudolf of Habsburg as king-emperor. After the interregnum period, Germany's emperors came from three powerful dynastic houses: Luxemburg (in Bohemia), Wittelsbach (in Bavaria), and Habsburg (in Austria). These families alternated on the imperial throne until the crown returned in the mid-fifteenth century to the Habsburgs, who retained it with only one short break until the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806.
The Golden Bull of 1356, an edict promulgated by Emperor Charles IV (r. 1355-78) of the Luxemburg family, provided the basic constitution of the empire up to its dissolution. It formalized the practice of having seven electors--the archbishops of the cities of Trier, Cologne, and Mainz, and the rulers of the Palatinate, Saxony, Brandenburg, and Bohemia--choose the emperor, and it represented a further political consolidation of the principalities. The Golden Bull ended the long-standing attempt of various emperors to unite Germany under a hereditary monarchy. Henceforth, the emperor shared power with other great nobles like himself and was regarded as merely the first among equals. Without the cooperation of the other princes, he could not rule.
Despite the lack of a strong central authority, Germany prospered during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries. Its population increased from about 14 million in 1300 to about 16 million in 1500, even though the Black Death killed as much as one-third of the population in the mid-fourteenth century.
Located in the center of Europe, Germany was active in international trade. Rivers flowing to the north and the east and the Alpine passes made Germany a natural conduit conveying goods from the Mediterranean to northern Europe. Germany became a noted manufacturing center. Trade and manufacturing led to the growth of towns, and in 1500 an estimated 10 percent of the population lived in urban areas. Many towns became wealthy and were governed by a sophisticated and self-confident merchant oligarchy. Dozens of towns in northern Germany joined together to form the Hanseatic League, a trading federation that managed shipping and trade on the Baltic and in many inland areas, even into Bohemia and Hungary. The Hanseatic League had commercial offices in such widely dispersed towns as London, Bergen (in present-day Norway), and Novgorod (in present-day Russia). The league was at one time so powerful that it successfully waged war against the king of Denmark. In southern Germany, towns banded together on occasion to protect their interests against encroachments by either imperial or local powers. Although these urban confederations were not always strong enough to defeat their opponents, they sometimes succeeded in helping their members to avoid complete subjugation. In what was eventually to become Switzerland, one confederation of towns had sufficient military might to win virtual independence from the Holy Roman Empire in 1499.
The Knights of the Teutonic Order continued their settlement of the east until their dissolution early in the sixteenth century, in spite of a serious defeat at the hands of the Poles at the Battle of Tannenberg in 1410. The lands that came under the control of this monastic military, whose members were pledged to chastity and to the conquest and conversion of heathens, included territory that one day would become eastern Prussia and would be inhabited by Germans until 1945. German settlement in areas south of the territories controlled by the Knights of the Teutonic Order also continued, but generally at the behest of eastern rulers who valued the skills of German peasant-farmers. These new settlers were part of a long process of peaceful German immigration to the east that lasted for centuries, with Germans moving into all of eastern Europe and even deep into Russia.
Intellectual growth accompanied German expansion. Several universities were founded, and Germany came into increased contact with the humanists active elsewhere in Europe. The invention of movable type in the middle of the fifteenth century in Germany also contributed to a more lively intellectual climate. Religious ferment was common, most notably the heretical movement engendered by the teachings of Jan Hus (ca. 1372-1415) in Bohemia. Hus eventually was executed, but the dissatisfaction he felt toward the established church was shared by many others throughout German-speaking lands, as could be seen in the frequent occurrences of popular, mystical religious revivalism after his death.
Medieval France (The Capetian Dynasty):
Growth of a national monarchy set France on a road to absolutism (=concentration of all power in the hands of the king). Between the Treaty of Verdun (843) and 987: a decline of monarchical power in France. Hugh Capet, Count of Paris, was elected king in 987. The Capetians ruled until 1328, and they accomplished several goals: 1) achieved control over their own lands & the Ile de France; 2) they enlarged the size of the royal domain and they conquered much of the land held by the English within France;
3) they strove to assert royal authority over that of the feudal nobles; and 4) they governed a prosperous France of 15 million. Major problem: the claim of English kings to territories in France, including Normandy, Brittany, Maine, Anjou, Poitou, Aquitaine, and Gascony. Under the able Philip Augustus (1180-1223), the Capetians; 1) defeated John of England, adding large tracts of land to the royal holdings; 2) provided effective government and collected taxes; 3) began building Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris;
- House of Burgundy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_BurgundyThe House of Burgundy (Casa de Borgonha, Portuguese pronunciation: [buɾˈɣoɲɐ]) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, descending from Robert I, ...
- House of Valois-Burgundy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois-BurgundyThe term "Valois Dukes of Burgundy" is employed to refer to the dynasty which ... It is distinct from the Capetian House of Burgundy, descendants of Robert II of ...
- Portuguese House of Burgundy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_House_of_BurgundyThe Portuguese House of Burgundy or the Afonsine Dynasty is a cadet branch of the House of Burgundy, descended from Henry, Count of Portugal.
- House of Braganza (Portuguese: Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), is an important imperial, royal, and noble house of Portuguese origin, a branch of the House of Aviz, and thus a descendant house of the Portuguese House of Burgundy. The House evolved from being powerful dukes of Portuguese nobility, to ruling as the monarchs of Portugal and the Algarves, from 1640 to 1910, and as monarchs of Brazil, from 1815 to 1889. The House of Braganza was founded in 1442, when Afonso, 8th Count of Barcelos, illegitimate son of King João I of Portugal, of the House of Aviz, was made Duke of Braganza, as Duke Afonso I of Braganza, by his nephew, King Afonso V. The feudal Brigantine dukes quickly amassed a fortune in properties, titles, and power and by the time of Duke Fernando II, the House was the most powerful in all of Portugal and of the greatest houses of Iberia.
- House of Valois - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_ValoisThe House of Valois (French pronunciation: [valwa]) was a cadet branch of the Capetian dynasty, succeeding the House of Capet (or "Direct Capetians")
House of Valois-Burgundy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaen.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Valois-BurgundyHouse of Valois, Burgundian Branch ... The term "Valois Dukes of Burgundy" is employed to refer to the dynasty which began after John II of France
Isabella of Valois Duchess of Bourbon (1313-1383),daughter of the founder of the Valois dynasty Charles Count of Valois,and her husband Peter I Duke of Bourbon from a XVth c.illustration
The Marriage of Catherine of Valois and Henry V of England
http://jeannedepompadour.blogspot.com/2012/09/valois-women-of-valois-duchess-of.html
http://jeannedepompadour.blogspot.com/2012/09/valois-women-of-valois-duchess-of.html
DYNASTIC HOUSES
The idea of descent from antiquity is by no means new to genealogists. Hellenistic dynasties, such as the Ptolemies, claimed descent from gods and legendary heroes. In the Middle Ages, major royal dynasties of Europe sponsored compilations claiming their descent from Julius Caesar, Alexander the Great, in particular the rulers of Troy. Such claims were intended as propaganda glorifying a royal patron by trumpeting the antiquity and nobility of his ancestry. These descent lines included not only mythical figures but also stretches of outright fiction, much of which is still widely perpetuated today. The distinguishing feature of a DFA compared to such efforts is the intent to establish an ancestry that is historically accurate and verifiable. Nevertheless, DFA research still focuses on the ancestries of royal and noble families, since the historical record is most complete for such families.
Reviewing William Betham's Genealogical Tables of the Sovereigns of the World, from the earliest to the present period he wrote "From a barren list of names we learn who were the fathers or mothers, or more distant progenitors, of the select few, who are able to trace what is called their descent from antiquity." Studies of the possibilities are highly variable in the quality of their research. Many, if not most, of the DFA-related publications widely used by amateur genealogists are essentially worthless.
No Western DFA is accepted as established at this time, and widely-accepted non-Western DFAs have not been validated. However, research has established the outlines of several possible or likely ancestries that could become DFAs. All European royal families can trace their descent from Charlemagne, as can many other people who are able to trace their descent from European nobility. While such a link possibly existed, extant sources do not permit reconstructing it with any degree of certainty. -Wiki
A royal house or royal dynasty consists of at least one, but usually more monarchs who are related to one another, as well as their non-reigning descendants and spouses. Monarchs of the same realm who are not related to one another are usually deemed to belong to different houses, and each house is designated by a name which distinguishes it from other houses. Strictly, a royal house is a dynasty whose members reign while bearing the title of king or queen, although it has become common to refer to any family which legally exercises sovereignty by hereditary right as a royal family, and its members as royalty or (colloquially) royals. Historically, ruling families often consist of a senior and several junior branches, which are akin, but may have diverged in descent from a common ancestor many generations ago. The name used to refer to a royal house may or may not also be used by its members as a surname. Rather, members of dynasties are usually referred to by their titles, which may or may not also be hereditary.
Historically royal intermarriage has often brought multiple thrones to a sovereign's family. Sometimes appanages granted to cadet branches have become the nucleus of an independent monarchy—or an incentive to acquire one. Members of the same patrilineage may therefore come to rule entirely different countries and espouse national loyalties or cultural ties to nations other than the one ruled by the first monarch in the family—yet they may still acknowledge bonds based on membership in the same dynasty (e.g. Bourbon Family Compact), and may still inherit thrones or bequeath assets based upon that kinship, sometimes centuries later.
Reviewing William Betham's Genealogical Tables of the Sovereigns of the World, from the earliest to the present period he wrote "From a barren list of names we learn who were the fathers or mothers, or more distant progenitors, of the select few, who are able to trace what is called their descent from antiquity." Studies of the possibilities are highly variable in the quality of their research. Many, if not most, of the DFA-related publications widely used by amateur genealogists are essentially worthless.
No Western DFA is accepted as established at this time, and widely-accepted non-Western DFAs have not been validated. However, research has established the outlines of several possible or likely ancestries that could become DFAs. All European royal families can trace their descent from Charlemagne, as can many other people who are able to trace their descent from European nobility. While such a link possibly existed, extant sources do not permit reconstructing it with any degree of certainty. -Wiki
A royal house or royal dynasty consists of at least one, but usually more monarchs who are related to one another, as well as their non-reigning descendants and spouses. Monarchs of the same realm who are not related to one another are usually deemed to belong to different houses, and each house is designated by a name which distinguishes it from other houses. Strictly, a royal house is a dynasty whose members reign while bearing the title of king or queen, although it has become common to refer to any family which legally exercises sovereignty by hereditary right as a royal family, and its members as royalty or (colloquially) royals. Historically, ruling families often consist of a senior and several junior branches, which are akin, but may have diverged in descent from a common ancestor many generations ago. The name used to refer to a royal house may or may not also be used by its members as a surname. Rather, members of dynasties are usually referred to by their titles, which may or may not also be hereditary.
Historically royal intermarriage has often brought multiple thrones to a sovereign's family. Sometimes appanages granted to cadet branches have become the nucleus of an independent monarchy—or an incentive to acquire one. Members of the same patrilineage may therefore come to rule entirely different countries and espouse national loyalties or cultural ties to nations other than the one ruled by the first monarch in the family—yet they may still acknowledge bonds based on membership in the same dynasty (e.g. Bourbon Family Compact), and may still inherit thrones or bequeath assets based upon that kinship, sometimes centuries later.
High Kings of Britain
http://herebedragons.weebly.com/high-kings.html
http://herebedragons.weebly.com/high-kings.html
Opera - Jacques Wagrez
Inanna
Cultural complexes are based on frequently repeated historical experiences that have taken root in the collective psyche of a group and in the psyches of the individual members of a group, and they express archetypal values for the group. As such, cultural complexes can be thought of as the fundamental building blocks of an inner sociology. But this inner sociology is not objective or scientific in its description of different groups and classes of people. Rather, it is a description of groups and classes as filtered through the psyches of generations of ancestors. It contains an abundance of information and misinformation about the structures of societies—a truly inner sociology—and its essential components are cultural
complexes. -Singer
complexes. -Singer
Apparition of the Grail, stained glass window, Church of Ste. Onenne, 1940s; Trehorenteuc, Brittany
Royal Trees
Portrait of Elizabeth Woodville at Queen’s College Cambridge.
House of Valois
Grail in America
Sisters of the Doves
The Black Doves: Practices of the Priestesses of Dodona
In an ancient time, two Priestesses from Egypt were taken captive, and to escape they took the form of two Black Doves… One flew into the desert of Egypt to found a sacred Oracle site, and the other flew to Dodona, in Greece. She landed on the branch of an ancient oak tree and it is said that she began to speak…
As this original Priestess-Oracle brought her magical language to that place, she gathered the others like her who had waited for her arrival, and there a powerful sisterhood of Oracles and magic was begun…
These Priestesses, like the Nymphs who came before them, belonged only partly to this world, and yet were intricately and deeply, intimately tied to the earth and the nature around and within them. They stayed barefoot year-round to touch the earth as often as possible, retained the ability to shape-shift into birds for a great time, could offer and interpret powerful, visionary dreams to those who came to them for healing, and spoke the language of the breeze rustling through the oak trees, using these messages as their oracles…their connection to the cosmos and their deepest inner knowing.
These Priestess-Oracles were acutely attuned to the spiraling wisdom pathways of sensuality, and were able to let their five senses lead them to levels of illumination and sensitivity in their bodies and inner beings that are unheard of in our current world. They could access any level of revelation, truth, or power through these portals of the senses, which they could read like long-lost books, like illumined manuscripts, like ancient temple scriptures carved into walls of light. They walked in the power and beauty of this knowing, of this understanding of the winds and the tides, of the waves and the rhythms of the earth and the body. In learning the alchemy of the Black Doves, we too can walk upon the earth and through our lives, hearing the messages around and within us in each moment…
In an ancient time, two Priestesses from Egypt were taken captive, and to escape they took the form of two Black Doves… One flew into the desert of Egypt to found a sacred Oracle site, and the other flew to Dodona, in Greece. She landed on the branch of an ancient oak tree and it is said that she began to speak…
As this original Priestess-Oracle brought her magical language to that place, she gathered the others like her who had waited for her arrival, and there a powerful sisterhood of Oracles and magic was begun…
These Priestesses, like the Nymphs who came before them, belonged only partly to this world, and yet were intricately and deeply, intimately tied to the earth and the nature around and within them. They stayed barefoot year-round to touch the earth as often as possible, retained the ability to shape-shift into birds for a great time, could offer and interpret powerful, visionary dreams to those who came to them for healing, and spoke the language of the breeze rustling through the oak trees, using these messages as their oracles…their connection to the cosmos and their deepest inner knowing.
These Priestess-Oracles were acutely attuned to the spiraling wisdom pathways of sensuality, and were able to let their five senses lead them to levels of illumination and sensitivity in their bodies and inner beings that are unheard of in our current world. They could access any level of revelation, truth, or power through these portals of the senses, which they could read like long-lost books, like illumined manuscripts, like ancient temple scriptures carved into walls of light. They walked in the power and beauty of this knowing, of this understanding of the winds and the tides, of the waves and the rhythms of the earth and the body. In learning the alchemy of the Black Doves, we too can walk upon the earth and through our lives, hearing the messages around and within us in each moment…
Dodona
Sacrificial Doves of Celtic Druid Royalty
Dove in the Grail Legend
Merlin, in the poem of that name [13th century], says of the Grail:
All these men call this vessel
from which they have this grace— the Grail.
In Wolfram, the wishing character is particularly clear. Of the Host,
which on every Good Friday is placed on the stone (that is, the Grail) by a dove, it is said:
From that the stone derives
whatever good fragrances
of drink and food there are on earth,
like to the perfection of Paradise.
I mean all things the earth may bear.
The motif of the phoenix and the stone in Wolfram therefore links
the image of the Grail with ideas of a decidedly alchemical nature.
It has been further surmised that the conception of the Grail as a
stone arose through some confusion over the figure of the stone table--
or because the Grail had been imagined as a sort of portable altar on
which the Host brought by the dove was laid. This conception of the stone
as an altar paten associates it once again with the stone used to close
Christ's sepulchre. According to Eastern legends this was said to be
the same stone struck by Moses in the desert to provide water for the
children of Israel (Exodus 17:6; I. Corinthians 10:4).
The alchemists compared it to their lapis. Thus the Aurora consurgens
describes the lapis as a treasure house "founded upon a sure rock."
This rodk "cannot be split unless it be smitten three times with the rod
of Moses, that waters may flow forth in great abundance, that all the
people both men and women drink thereof."
— Emma Jung & Marie-Louise von Franz, The Grail Legend
Sigo Press, Boston, 2nd Ed., 1986, pp. 118, 153
Dove in the Splendor Solis
The Splendor Solis is one of the most beautiful of illuminated alchemical manuscripts. The earliest version, considered to be that now in the Kupferstichkabinett in the Prussian State Museum in Berlin, is dated 1532-35. The work itself consists of a sequence of 22 elaborate images, set in ornamental borders and niches. In a new edition of Splendor Solis— The Splendor of the Sun, Joscelyn Godwin has translated the text from the original German. Also included are reproductions of the 22 engravings from the German edition of 1709 with commentary by Adam McLean.
Fourth Treatise (Plate 13): Second, a heat is needed by whose power all darkness is expelled from the earth, and all is lit up. Senior's maxim on this is "The heat makes everything white, and every shite thing red." Just as the water also whitens, the fire also illuminates. Then through the tincturing spirit of the fire the color irradiates the subtilized earth like a ruby. Of such Socrates says: "You will behold a wondrous light in the darkness."
Illustration 13: The Second Stage— Commentary by Adam McLean
In the next stage we see that the Young Man/Dragon forces have been completely digested and transformed into three birds, which peck at each other in a never-ending antipathy. These three birds, colored red, white and black, are three facets which have separated out from the initial substance of illustration 12. They are the Salt, Sulphur and Mercury of the soul, and also correspond to the three stages in alchemy: Nigredo (Blackness), Albedo (Whitening), and Rubedo (Reddening). Their bird nature indicates their ability to fly freely within the flask, rising and falling in turn. The Red Bird in the soul is the expansive fiery energies that dart here and there and are difficult to tie down or hold still. The Black Bird of the soul is that inert, dark realm of stagnated decaying material into which one's memories, old perceptions and habits must dissolve and be broken down. The White Bird [Dove of Peace?] tries to mediate between these two realms within our being that are constantly battling for the soul's contents. Thus with this second stage we have separation, an awareness of the three principles in the soul, although these are still at this early stage unintegrated, antagonized and at war with each other.
— Salomon Trismosin's Splendor Solis
translated by Joscelyn Godwin
Phanes Press, Grand Rapids, MI, 1991, pp. 46-47,
Merlin, in the poem of that name [13th century], says of the Grail:
All these men call this vessel
from which they have this grace— the Grail.
In Wolfram, the wishing character is particularly clear. Of the Host,
which on every Good Friday is placed on the stone (that is, the Grail) by a dove, it is said:
From that the stone derives
whatever good fragrances
of drink and food there are on earth,
like to the perfection of Paradise.
I mean all things the earth may bear.
The motif of the phoenix and the stone in Wolfram therefore links
the image of the Grail with ideas of a decidedly alchemical nature.
It has been further surmised that the conception of the Grail as a
stone arose through some confusion over the figure of the stone table--
or because the Grail had been imagined as a sort of portable altar on
which the Host brought by the dove was laid. This conception of the stone
as an altar paten associates it once again with the stone used to close
Christ's sepulchre. According to Eastern legends this was said to be
the same stone struck by Moses in the desert to provide water for the
children of Israel (Exodus 17:6; I. Corinthians 10:4).
The alchemists compared it to their lapis. Thus the Aurora consurgens
describes the lapis as a treasure house "founded upon a sure rock."
This rodk "cannot be split unless it be smitten three times with the rod
of Moses, that waters may flow forth in great abundance, that all the
people both men and women drink thereof."
— Emma Jung & Marie-Louise von Franz, The Grail Legend
Sigo Press, Boston, 2nd Ed., 1986, pp. 118, 153
Dove in the Splendor Solis
The Splendor Solis is one of the most beautiful of illuminated alchemical manuscripts. The earliest version, considered to be that now in the Kupferstichkabinett in the Prussian State Museum in Berlin, is dated 1532-35. The work itself consists of a sequence of 22 elaborate images, set in ornamental borders and niches. In a new edition of Splendor Solis— The Splendor of the Sun, Joscelyn Godwin has translated the text from the original German. Also included are reproductions of the 22 engravings from the German edition of 1709 with commentary by Adam McLean.
Fourth Treatise (Plate 13): Second, a heat is needed by whose power all darkness is expelled from the earth, and all is lit up. Senior's maxim on this is "The heat makes everything white, and every shite thing red." Just as the water also whitens, the fire also illuminates. Then through the tincturing spirit of the fire the color irradiates the subtilized earth like a ruby. Of such Socrates says: "You will behold a wondrous light in the darkness."
Illustration 13: The Second Stage— Commentary by Adam McLean
In the next stage we see that the Young Man/Dragon forces have been completely digested and transformed into three birds, which peck at each other in a never-ending antipathy. These three birds, colored red, white and black, are three facets which have separated out from the initial substance of illustration 12. They are the Salt, Sulphur and Mercury of the soul, and also correspond to the three stages in alchemy: Nigredo (Blackness), Albedo (Whitening), and Rubedo (Reddening). Their bird nature indicates their ability to fly freely within the flask, rising and falling in turn. The Red Bird in the soul is the expansive fiery energies that dart here and there and are difficult to tie down or hold still. The Black Bird of the soul is that inert, dark realm of stagnated decaying material into which one's memories, old perceptions and habits must dissolve and be broken down. The White Bird [Dove of Peace?] tries to mediate between these two realms within our being that are constantly battling for the soul's contents. Thus with this second stage we have separation, an awareness of the three principles in the soul, although these are still at this early stage unintegrated, antagonized and at war with each other.
— Salomon Trismosin's Splendor Solis
translated by Joscelyn Godwin
Phanes Press, Grand Rapids, MI, 1991, pp. 46-47,
Collard Dove
http://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/dragons/esp_sociopol_dragoncourt02_15aa.htm
We do however have other material of a similar nature that has been recovered from related sites and cultures, which indicate the universality of the Royal Dove symbol, including corroborative artefacts and information from the Mediterranean area, the genesis point of the Celtic Kings. For instance from the repository at the palace of Knossus, a terracotta votive colonnade was recovered that depicted three columns mounted on one base, each with a dove perched on top. This and other dove + column depictions found engraved on cylinder seals, gold plaques and other votive material, including representations of the Palæstra [the temple or house] of the Dove Goddess, who is recognised as an aspect of the Triple Goddess, and here there is a nice linguistic connection between Palæstra, palisade and Palace. And as I mentioned earlier, the dove also appears surmounting a globe on top of the Royal Sceptre on England.
For Celtic Royalty, the dove was also the preferred sacrificial animal used within the sacred groves. It’s sanctity and exclusiveness was marked out by the black collar around the dove’s neck, represented the mark left by the golden torque, as worn by the Celtic Ard Ri’s or High Kings as badge of rank. On its head is a small raised tuft of feathers known as a crown, which indicated its regal position. The mark around its neck and the bird’s mannerisms, are the reasons why this bird was chosen to be an extremely sacred symbol, and could therefore act as a sacrificial surrogate for the King or any other representative of the Celtic kingly cast. It is also obvious that we are talking of the Collared Dove and not the common Pigeon. During the Celtic period and up to quite recent times, elaborate dovecotes were built to house them. As the bird had been chosen as a royal symbol, it was only fitting that it would be housed in an equally royal manner, in order to be the most acceptable sacrificial animal. -Dufton
We do however have other material of a similar nature that has been recovered from related sites and cultures, which indicate the universality of the Royal Dove symbol, including corroborative artefacts and information from the Mediterranean area, the genesis point of the Celtic Kings. For instance from the repository at the palace of Knossus, a terracotta votive colonnade was recovered that depicted three columns mounted on one base, each with a dove perched on top. This and other dove + column depictions found engraved on cylinder seals, gold plaques and other votive material, including representations of the Palæstra [the temple or house] of the Dove Goddess, who is recognised as an aspect of the Triple Goddess, and here there is a nice linguistic connection between Palæstra, palisade and Palace. And as I mentioned earlier, the dove also appears surmounting a globe on top of the Royal Sceptre on England.
For Celtic Royalty, the dove was also the preferred sacrificial animal used within the sacred groves. It’s sanctity and exclusiveness was marked out by the black collar around the dove’s neck, represented the mark left by the golden torque, as worn by the Celtic Ard Ri’s or High Kings as badge of rank. On its head is a small raised tuft of feathers known as a crown, which indicated its regal position. The mark around its neck and the bird’s mannerisms, are the reasons why this bird was chosen to be an extremely sacred symbol, and could therefore act as a sacrificial surrogate for the King or any other representative of the Celtic kingly cast. It is also obvious that we are talking of the Collared Dove and not the common Pigeon. During the Celtic period and up to quite recent times, elaborate dovecotes were built to house them. As the bird had been chosen as a royal symbol, it was only fitting that it would be housed in an equally royal manner, in order to be the most acceptable sacrificial animal. -Dufton
http://books.google.com/books?id=0sC1dcIRjg0C&pg=PA351&lpg=PA351&dq=doves,+grail&source=bl&ots=AvbQDbq46q&sig=CQ4kpIKmvFC6sVyU4WeyG2sSv88&hl=en&sa=X&ei=68VdUuGUC-S9iwK33YGICQ&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=doves%2C%20grail&f=false
Image: And the sea gave up the dead which were in it ~Frederick Leighton
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(c)2013; All Rights Reserved, Iona Miller, Sangreality Trust
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Fair Use Notice
This site contains copyrighted material the use of which has not always been specifically authorized by the copyright owner. We are making such material available in our efforts to advance understanding of environmental, political, human rights, economic, democracy, scientific, and social justice issues, etc. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. In accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107, the material on this site is distributed without profit to those who have expressed a prior interest in receiving the included information for research and educational purposes. If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond 'fair use', you must obtain permission from the copyright owner.